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Henri Mouhot

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Henri Mouhot
A drawing of Mouhot by Henri Rousseau from a photograph
Born15 May 1826
Montbéliard, Doubs, France
Died10 November 1861(1861-11-10) (aged 35)
Naphan, Laos
NationalityFrench
Known forAngkor
Scientific career
FieldsNatural history

Alexandre Henri Mouhot (15 May 1826 – 10 November 1861) was a French naturalist and explorer of the mid-19th century. He was born in Montbéliard, Doubs, France, near the Swiss border, but spent his childhood in Russia and, possibly, parts of Asia. He died near Luang-Prabang, Laos. He is remembered mostly in connection to Angkor. Mouhot's tomb is located just outside of Ban Phanom, to the east of Luang Prabang.

Early life

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Mouhot traveled throughout Europe with his brother Charles, studying photographic techniques developed by Louis Daguerre. In 1856, he began devoting himself to the study of natural science. Upon reading The Kingdom and People of Siam by Sir John Bowring in 1857, Mouhot decided to travel to Indochina to conduct a series of botanical expeditions for the collection of new zoological specimens. His initial requests for grants and passage were rejected by French companies and the government of Napoleon III. The Royal Geographical Society and the Zoological Society of London lent him their support, and he set sail for Bangkok, via Singapore.

Expeditions

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From his base in Bangkok in 1858, Mouhot made four journeys into the interior of Siam, Cambodia and Laos. Over a period of three years before he died, he endured extreme hardships and fended off wild animals, to explore some previously uncharted jungle territory.

On his first expedition, he visited Ayutthaya, the former capital of Siam (already charted territory), and gathered an extensive collection of insects, as well as terrestrial and river shells, and sent them on to England.

In January 1860, at the end of his second and longest journey, he reached Angkor (already charted territory) — an area spread over more than 400 km2., consisting of many sites of ancient terraces, pools, moated cities, palaces and temples, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat. He recorded this visit in his travel journals, which included three weeks of detailed observations. These journals and illustrations were later incorporated into Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos which were published posthumously.

Angkor

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Facade of Angkor Wat, by Mouhot
Mouhot drawing: Angkor Wat
Pavilion of Angkor Wat, by Mouhot

Mouhot is often mistakenly credited with "discovering" Angkor, although Angkor was never lost — the location and existence of the entire series of Angkor sites was always known to the Khmers and had been visited by several westerners since the 16th century. Mouhot mentions in his journals that his contemporary Father Charles Emile Bouillevaux, a French missionary based in Battambang, had reported that he and other Western explorers and missionaries had visited Angkor Wat and the other Khmer temples at least five years before Mouhot. Father Bouillevaux published his accounts in 1857: "Travel in Indochina 1848–1846, The Annam and Cambodia". Previously, a Portuguese trader Diogo do Couto visited Angkor and wrote his accounts about it in 1550, and the Portuguese monk Antonio da Magdalena had also written about his visit to Angkor Wat in 1586. Mouhot did, however, popularise Angkor in the West.

Perhaps none of the previous European visitors wrote as evocatively as Mouhot, who included interesting and detailed sketches. In his posthumously published Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos, Mouhot compared Angkor to the pyramids, for it was popular in the West at that time to ascribe the origin of all civilization to the Middle East. For example, he described the Buddha heads at the gateways to Angkor Thom as "four immense heads in the Egyptian style" and wrote of Angkor:

"One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michael Angelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged."

Mouhot also wrote that:

"At Ongcor, there are ...ruins of such grandeur... that, at the first view, one is filled with profound admiration, and cannot but ask what has become of this powerful race, so civilized, so enlightened, the authors of these gigantic works?"

Such quotations may have given rise to the popular misconception that Mouhot had found the abandoned ruins of a lost civilisation. The Royal Geographical Society and The Zoological Society, both interested in announcing new finds, seemed to have encouraged the rumor that Mouhot — whom they had sponsored to chart mountains and rivers and catalog new species — had discovered Angkor. Mouhot himself erroneously asserted that Angkor was the work of an earlier civilization than the Khmer. For although the very same civilization which built Angkor was alive and right before his eyes, he considered them in a "state of barbarism" and could not believe they were civilized or enlightened enough to have built it. He assumed that the authors of such grandeur were a disappeared race and mistakenly dated Angkor back over two millennia, to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was later pieced together from the book The Customs of Cambodia written by Temür Khan's envoy Zhou Daguan to Cambodia in 1295–1296[1] and from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. It is now known that the dates of Angkor's habitation were from the early ninth century to the early 15th century.

Itinerary in Southeast Asia

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Henri Mouhot's exploration covered 4,955 kilometers in Southeast Asia, in three years, six months and 13 days. The exact itinerary, as listed in Le Tour du Monde ("Around the World" journal), is as follows:[2][3]

Stage Locality (period name) Locality (current name) Chapter from Le Tour du Monde Arrival Departure
Preparation
1 London London I 27 April 1858
2 Singapore Singapore I 3 September 1858
3 Paknam Pak Nam I 12 September 1858
4 Bangkok Bangkok II - V 19 October 1858
First expedition (256 km)
5 Ajuthia Ayutthaya VI 23 October 1858
6 Arajiek, Phrabat Phra Phuttabat VII 13 November 1858 14 November 1858
7 Patawi Phra Phutthachai VIII 28 November 1858
8 Bangkok Bangkok VIII 5 December 1858 23 December 1858
Second expedition (2,399 km)
9 Chantaboun Gulf, Lion's Rock Laem Sing IX 3 January 1859
10 Chantaboun Chanthaburi IX 4 January 1859
11 Ile de Ko-Man Ko Man Nork IX 26 January 1859
12 Ile des Patates et ile de Ko-Kram Ko Khram IX 28 January 1859
13 Ile de l'Arec Chanthaburi X 29 January 1859
14 Ven-Ven Pak Nam Welu X 1 March 1859
15 Chute de Kombau, grotte du Mont Sabab Namtok Phlio National Park X
16 Chantaboun Chanthaburi XI
17 Ko-Khut Ko Kood XI
18 Koh-Khong Koh Kong XI
19 Kampot Kampot XI
20 Kompong-Baïe Kompong Bay XI
21 Udong Oudongk XII
22 Pinhalu Ponhea Leu XIII 2 July 1859
23 Penom Penh Phnom Penh XIV
24 Ile de Ko Sutin Kaoh Soutin XV
25 Pemptiélan Peam Chilӗang XV
26 Brelum Bro Lam Peh XV 16 August 1859 29 November 1859
27 Pemptiélan Peam Chilӗang XVI
28 Pinhalu Ponhea Leu XVI 21 December 1859
29 Penom Penh Phnom Penh XVI
30 Lac du Touli-Sap Lac du Tonlé Sap XVI
31 Battambang Battambang XVII 20 January 1860
32 Ongkor Angkor XVIII 22 January 1860 12 February 1860
33 Mont Ba-Khêng Phnom Bakheng XIX
34 Battambang Battambang XXI 5 March 1860
35 Ongkor-Borège Mongkol Borey XXI 8 March 1860 9 March 1860
36 Muang Kabine Kabinburi XXI 28 March 1860
37 Bangkok Bangkok XXI 4 April 1860 8 May 1860
Third expedition (1,250 km)
38 Petchabury Petchaburi XXII 11 May 1860
39 Bangkok Bangkok XXIII 1 September 1860
40 Nophabury Lopburi XXIV
41 Ajuthia Ayutthaya XXIV 19 October 1860
42 Tharua-Tristard Tha Ruea XXIV 20 October 1860
43 Saohaïe Sao Hai XXIV 22 October 1860
44 Khao Koc Wat Tha Khlo Tai XXV
45 Tchaïapoune Chaiyaphum XXVI 28 February 1861
46 Saraburi Saraburi XXVI
47 Bangkok Bangkok XXVI 12 April 1861
Fourth expédition (1,050 km)
48 Sikiéou Si Khiu XXVI
49 Korat Nakhon Ratchasima XXVI
50 Penom-Wat Prasat Phanom Wan XXVI
51 Tchaïapoune Chaiyaphum XXVII
52 Nam-Jasiea Non Kok XXVII
53 Poukiéau Phu Khiao XXVII
54 Leuye Loei XXVII 16 May 1861
55 Paklaïe Pak Lay XXVII 24 June 1861
56 Thodua Tha Deua XXVII
57 Luang Prabang Luang Prabang XXVII 25 July 1861
58 Na-Lê Na Le XXVIII 3 September 1861 15 October 1861

Link to the itinerary on Google Maps

Colonialism

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Some have argued that Mouhot may have been a tool for French expansionism and the annexation of territories which followed shortly after his death. Mouhot himself, however, did not seem to be a hardcore colonialist, for he occasionally doubted the beneficial effects of European colonisation:

"Will the present movement of the nations of Europe towards the East result in good by introducing into these lands the blessings of our civilization? Or shall we, as blind instruments of boundless ambition, come hither as a scourge, to add to their present miseries?"

However, Mouhot appears in his notes as genuinely interested in South East Asia and its culture, and kept in mind the benefits he thought France could provide to those countries. He notably wrote in the Tour du Monde:[3]

Page 174: " European domination, the abolition of slavery, protective and wise laws, and faithful, experienced and scrupulously honest administrators, would alone be capable of regenerating this State, so close to Cochinchina, where France is seeking to establish itself and where it will undoubtedly establish itself; then it would certainly become a granary of abundance, as fertile as lower Cochinchina ".[3]

Page 175: "People are astonished to see insignificant production and no industry in these regions that are so fertile and so rich, but they are generally unaware that the kings and mandarins enrich themselves through despoilment and corruption, through all the abuses that ruin work and halt progress. Let this country be administered with wisdom and prudence, with loyalty and protection for the people, and everything will change with marvellous rapidity.”[3]

Mouhot also highlighted he saw France already provided Cambodia, at his time: (page 179) "Had it not been for the war that France has been waging against the Empire of Annam for the past two years, it is probable that today the last hour would have sounded for the little kingdom of Cambodia, whose destiny, with little doubt, is to die out and be assimilated into the neighbouring peoples.”[3]

Death and legacy

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Mouhot's grave in 1867; from Francis Garnier's book of the Mekong Expedition of 1866–68
Mouhot's grave in 2007

Mouhot died of a malarial fever on his fourth expedition, in the jungles of Laos. He had been visiting Luang Prabang, capital of the Lan Xang kingdom, one of three kingdoms which eventually merged into what can be known as modern-day Laos, and was under the patronage of the king. Two of his servants buried him near a French mission in Naphan, by the banks of the Nam Khan river. Mouhot's favourite servant, Phrai, transported all of Mouhot's journals and specimens back to Bangkok, from where they were shipped to Europe.

A modest monument was erected over his grave in 1867 under the orders of French commander Ernest Doudart de Lagrée, who gave him this eulogy:

"We found everywhere the memory of our compatriot who, by the uprightness of his character and his natural benevolence, had acquired the regard and the affection of the natives."

The monument was destroyed by the overflow of the river Nam Khan. It was replaced in 1887 by a more durable crypt monument, and a maisonnette was built nearby to house and feed visitors to the white shrine. Some restoration work was done on the tomb in 1951 by the EFEO (Ecole Française d'Extrème Orient—The French School of the Far East).

Mouhot's tomb was consumed by the jungle and lost until it was accidentally rediscovered in 1989 by a French Laos scholar, Jean-Michel Strobino, who played a part in rehabilitating it with the support of the French embassy and the Municipality of Montbeliard, Mouhot's birth town. A new plaque was fixed to one end of the crypt in 1990 to commemorate this rediscovery. The location is now known to hotels and tourist operators in Luang Prabang, and a minivan or "tuk tuk" may be hired to take one the 10 km from town to visit it. This entails a walk down a steep track on the southern bank of river Nam Khan, over a small wooden bridge, and then up to a well-cleared track to the tomb, altogether about 150 meters. A new road being constructed nearby (June 2013) will make access easier. The tomb is still quite near the river (only about 20m), and access by boat from town should be possible.

The popularity of Angkor generated by Mouhot's writings led to the popular support for a major French role in its study and preservation. The French carried out the majority of research work on Angkor until recently.

Two species of Asian reptiles are named in his honor: Cuora mouhotii, a turtle; and Oligodon mouhoti, a snake.[4]

Works

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Mouhot's travel journals are immortalized in Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et autres parties centrales de l'Indochine (published 1863, 1864). English title: Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, Cambodia and Laos During the Years 1858,1859, and 1860.

  • Travels in Siam, Cambodia, Laos, and Annam. Henri Mouhot ISBN 974-8434-03-6
  • Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos, 1858-1860 Henri Mouhot, Michael Smithies - ISBN 0-19-588614-3
  • Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos During the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860. Mouhot, Henri—ISBN 974-8495-11-6 (B/W illustrations)

References

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  1. ^ Translated into French as early as 1819, perhaps Mouhot knew of it
  2. ^ Waraporn Kor Srisuwan. "La société thaïe et les Siamois au milieu du XIX° siècle d'après Henri Mouhot" (pdf) (in French and Thai).
  3. ^ a b c d e Mouhot, Henri (1868). Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et autres parties centrales de l'Indo-Chine [Journey to the kingdoms of Siam, Cambodia, Laos and other central parts of Indo-China] (in French). pp. 219–337.
  4. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Mouhot", p. 183).
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